All diagrams in supply, synthesis and cofactors
Vitamin and mineral support
A required cofactor is not evidence that extra intake will help. Cofactor requirement does not establish deficiency or a supplement benefit.
Vitamin and mineral support
Scoped educational mechanism
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Enzymes require specific cofactors or co-substrates: TH and tryptophan hydroxylase use iron and BH4; AADC uses pyridoxal phosphate; DBH uses copper and ascorbate; PNMT and COMT use SAM as a methyl donor. These examples explain chemistry. They do not show that a person is deficient, that extra intake increases transmitter function, or that a supplement treats ADHD. No doses or personalised supplement recommendations are implied.
What the diagram shows
Enzymes require specific cofactors or co-substrates: TH and tryptophan hydroxylase use iron and BH4; AADC uses pyridoxal phosphate; DBH uses copper and ascorbate; PNMT and COMT use SAM as a methyl donor. These examples explain chemistry. They do not show that a person is deficient, that extra intake increases transmitter function, or that a supplement treats ADHD. No doses or personalised supplement recommendations are implied.